EARTH SCIENCE:

Heeding Its Wonders

     I love Science in general but Earth Science is one of my favorite branches of it. This topic just makes me so curious on knowing how different land forms form or how different bodies of water are formed. Well that's only the basics and I wanted to know more whats underneath. Turns out to be that there are more things underneath or in the Earth that I didn't know like the Mohorovicic, Lehman, and Gutenberg Discontinuity. I didn't even know how tsunamis and earthquakes happen until I read about it. And another questionable thing is "How did these lands form?". Just learning about the different theories makes me believe in it because it makes sense! Especially on Wegener's theory, I would believe that one. So Earth Science isn't only mountains and rocks. There are more stuff that we haven't even know that would just makes us question more and more.

Albornoz

     I find Earth Science an interesting branch of Science. I learned that oceans can also get water from rivers by it flowing underground and not just from waterfalls. I learned about the layers of the earth and how plate tectonics work.

Sanchez

     I find Earth Science very interesting and intriguing. I learned a lot about the lessons. Like how all continents were formed and what happens to the earth when we get earthquakes. I also learned about dinosaur fossils because I love dinosaurs! Overall, this lesson was fun and cool. I'll probably study more about it.

Alejaga

     I find Earth Science an Interesting Topic in so many branch of Science. My long old questions has been answered by Earth Science like what's beneath me, whats this rock called like granite and other stuffs, learning more about Science intrigued me like i want to learn more, study more about Science because Earth is amazing as we Imagine yet Human destroys it. I also learned so many topics in Earth Science like  what is Pangaea  what are the kinds of Waves that can go through solid and liquid inside earth, and conclusion about how dinosaurs died and where earthquakes happen.

Periña

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Vigilance Victors Photo Shoot!

Credits to: Gillianne Cabela

You guys are the best!

ROCKING TO THE CORE

Making Our Globe

     Its lés 4th quarter and yeah, were all excited for summer. Don't you just want to go out to different places and explore the world? Were all interested in that but how about exploring whats in the world? We gathered all our materials and all our information to make the world and share stuff we know about it.


     We had a lot of fun in making our globe. So how about we'll share some information about what were making. We made a globe showing the 4 major layers of the Earth: Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, and Inner Core. The crust is the uppermost layer of the Earth which is where we all live on. And to add a little information, the crust that makes up land or the continents is called Continental Crust and the crust that underlies the ocean is called Oceanic Crust. It is mainly composed of Alumina and Silica. Next is the Mantle which takes up 80% of the Earth's mass. It is composed of ferro-magnesium silicate rocks. The next layer is located below the mantle which is called the outer core. The outer core is the only layer that is liquid. It is also made up of molten nickel and iron. Last but not the least, the inner core which is composed of solid iron. This gives the Earth its magnetic characteristics. The inner core is also the hottest layer of the Earth. Okay another thing on why the mantle and the inner core is solid because of pressure and temperature.

  And that wraps up everything for today. There are still more stuff out there that we haven't learned about. Or maybe "in" there, (get it?) Anyways we enjoyed making our globe and I hope you enjoyed reading this!

Vigilance Victors

CHEMISTRY

The Study of Everything

     Ah, chemistry, a branch of physical science that simply is the study of matter.. I always knew chemistry as a really fascinating thing to know about. And here we are, learning more and digging deep than just knowing its basic information. And honestly, I have to say that it gets really complex. The balancing of chemicals has to be analysed very carefully, the number of laws you have to know, and every term given has to stay in your mind to get the whole idea. Chemistry is not going to be an easy thing for me to understand but I am willing to!

ALBORNOZ

     Chemistry is indeed a very important subject of matter. I mean that literally in two definitions, one meaning actual matter like gases, solids, and liquids. Anyway, without the study of elements and compounds and the such, we wouldn't be able to make such advancements in technology, biotechnology, everything related to those basically. We wouldn't even be able to study chemistry as it wouldn't have been discovered. In fact, I find chemistry interesting except for when it gets to the very technical parts where numbers are present.

SANCHEZ

Chemistry for me is really important because of its endless discoveries. Even though sometimes it is quite hard for me to understand and I don't have much a good knowledge of the wide range of applications of chemistry, I still find it interesting. I also found out and realize that chemistry has a huge impact in all of us humans and to the earth that we live in. It can help us in issues like food production, renewable energy, clean water technology and many more. Chemistry really is fascinating, if people would just try to scratch a little deeper into it and not just think of it as a hard subject in science.

ALEJAGA

     Chemistry for me Is not only a subject but a life partner. Without chemistry things wouldn't be working at the same time and at the same time we shouldn't be living right now, i say chemistry is a life partner because without a single knowledge about Chemistry we could end quickly in any form or any ways. Chemistry has so many advantages and disadvantages because chemistry can be kill and chemistry can help us with our daily needs like air and more other things. Life isn't as it is without chemistry because without chemistry there is no life. Without chemistry there is no production, without chemistry there will be no civilization. In simple short term. Without chemistry were dead.

PERIÑA

     Honestly, i find chemistry very hard because of all the equations and all (whoa) but at the same time i love it. i love how i need to memorize the terms and that it'll stay in my mind forever, just because i stayed up late memorizing it. i also love how id suddenly say "Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter." in the middle of nowhere because I'm me. To cut things short, my opinion on chemistry is that  its complicated yet easy to love.

ROMERO

Poems

What a Wonderful Word

by Allyson Albornoz

Full of complications

So hard to understand

But chemistry built us a nation

That we can go expand

Everything you can think of

Relates to this marvel

Even the word love

Makes this topics travel

In the end of the day

We all go hand in hand

There's something in chemistry

That makes this world a wonderland



Mind Over Matter
by Chiqui Alejaga

Your caged heart is solid
Sometimes it melts into liquid
Your feelings evaporate into thin air
But never forget that you are being cared

In life, it's okay to be different
Neutrons, Electrons, and Protons
They weren't and will never be the same
Comparing yourself will just cause you pain

Hatred is toxic and acid can hurt your skin
You may feel like a burden
But always remember that every piece of you
Is an atom worth a hundred, thousand, million

EXPLORING   BIOLOGY

Procreation: Life Starts Anew 

PHOTO BOOTH! (late upload sorry)

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS

     We all came from one single cell. Isn't that incredible? The human body is a very interesting topic to discuss about and so as the creation of human beings. All of us came from two sex cells, sperm cell and egg cell, that are called haploids. Our sex organs develop to produce sex cells through  adolescence, where we  develop from a child to an adult. They contain structures known as chromosomes, a threadlike structure carrying

genetic information in the form of genes. Sex cells contains 23 chromosomes. So when they unite it turns into a fertilized egg or a zygote, a diploid that contains 46 chromosomes. But before that, we need to know where do these sex cells come from, how does it happen, and how they produce. Let us learn the different topics about the biology of sex on our further lessons to discuss.

Albornoz

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

     The sex organ of the male reproductive system is the testes. Although most people think that it is actually the penis, it is actually the testes that does the work. The testes is where the sperm is produced but sperm cells are only produced once the male hits his adolescence.

The Human Sperm Cell

     The sperm cell consists of 3 parts. One of these parts is called the head. The head stores the enzymes needed to penetrate an egg cell during fertilization. Another part is the midpiece. It contains the mitochondria that supplies energy needed to propel the sperm through the female reproductive system. And the last part of the sperm cell is the tail. The tail is a powerful flagellum that flips back and forth for it to move.

Delivery of Sperm

     The sperm cell exits the penis through ejaculation, the forceful expulsion of the sperm out of the male's body. The sperm goes to the female reproductive system during sexual intercourse for fertilization. A zygote will be produced if the sperm cell successfully penetrates into the egg cell. There are about 3.5 million sperm cells that are released during ejaculation.

Sanchez

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

     The female reproductive system is composed of two ovaries and the uterus. Ovaries are responsible for producing eggs (eggs cells are stored in this) and  produce hormones called Estrogen. This provides the secondary female characteristics like the development of breasts, hips, height, pubic hair, and most importantly, egg development. Reproduction of the  egg cell starts around ages 11 to 14

years old during the first discharge of blood called menarche. Then after each month a normal adult female releases a mature egg cell in one of their ovaries.

Egg Reproduction

   Females are born with two million egg cells. By the time they reach puberty, the number of egg cells will go down to 400,000. Only 300 to 500 will mature and are called ova, singular for ovum. An ovum if released about 28 days. If  the ovum is not fertilized at this stage, it dies within 24 to 48 hours.

    During sexual intercourse, sperm cells go in the female reproductive system so fertilization could occur. If fertilization occurs, the ovum will turn into a zygote and travels down and implants itself in the uterus. The baby passes through the cervix and leaves the mothers body through the vagina, during a normal childbirth.

Romero

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

     All females who have reached puberty will undergo monthly physiological cycles known as the ovarian and menstrual cycles.

Ovarian Cycle

     Ovarian Cycle is a series of events where in the ovaries prepare the female body for a possible pregnancy each month. It spans about 28 days but varies from female to female. Ovulation is the monthly release of an ovum from the ovary. Progesterone is a sex hormone and signals the body to prepare for fertilization.

Menstrual Cycle

     Menstrual cycle occurs in the uterus to prepare it for a possible pregnancy. It lasts an average of 28 days. Menstruation occurs about 14 days after ovulation and it is the mixture of blood and discarded tissues that leaves the body through the vagina. A female stops menstruating at the age of 45 to 55  and it is called Menopause, when a woman no longer ovulates and unable to bear a child.

When Pregnancy Does Not Occur

     Levels of progesterone decrease causing the lining of the uterus to be shed and marks the end of the menstrual cycle. At the end of the ovarian and menstrual cycle, neither estrogen now progesterone is being produced. This signals the pituitary gland to produce follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH and luteinizing hormone or LH to start the cycles again.

Alejaga

STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT BEFORE BIRTH

Fertilization of the Ovum

     A human being develops from a fertilized egg or a zygote.It is when the sperm travels through the uterus going to the fallopian tubes. There are about 36 hours where the sperm reaches the fallopian tube during fertilization. And when it reaches, the egg is ready for fertilization. Cell division takes place as the zygote travels down the uterus. The zygote becomes a small ball of blastocyst that attaches itself to the uterine wall in the process of implantation. And now the zygote is called an embryo.

Embryonic Development

     It takes about nine months for an embryo to become a fetus. This nine-month period is call pregnancy. During the first two months of pregnancy the developing child is called an embryo.

     The villi, which constitute the placenta, along with other blood vessels and capillaries, is produces in the uterine wall. An umbilical word forms and connects the placenta to the embryo. During the third week of pregnancy a thin membrane called the amniotic sac begins to form around the embryo. It is filled with a clear liquid called amniotic fluid, which helps cushion and protects the embryo.


Fetal Development

     During the third month of pregnancy, the embryo begins to look more human and is now become a fetus. The fetus begins to have a fetal heart beat, develop fingers, toes, arms, and legs, and can begin to suck his thumb. By the fourth month the sex of the fetus can be determined by ultrasound. By the end of the seventh month of pregnancy, a layer of fat develops and bones harden.


Birth

     By the ninth month, the fetus has usually rotated to a head-down position. The birth process begins with labor, the muscular contraction of the uterus. As the contraction becomes stronger, the amniotic sac usually and releases its fluid. The contraction causes the uterus to widen for the baby to pass through the vagina taking his or her first gasp of air.

Albornoz

PREVENTION, DETECTION, & TREATMENT
OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

     Sexual Transmitted Diseases or STDs are very frightening and dangerous to us. No one wants that. Hearing the characteristics of it makes us sick especially looking at the disease itself (this is why i didnt put any pictures). When getting this disease, you wouldnt be sure if you have it or not. And when you have it theres a very big chance that you cant cure it! So remember, be careful on your descisions in life so you wont face these horrible events in your life.

Syphilis

     Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum. It can be cured in its early stages. The incubation period of a few weeks to several months. There is going to have a painless sore of chancre that develops at the site infection either on the genitals, rectum, or mouth. The second stage occurs after several weeks when you start having fever and a skin rash. After that it disappears and comes back again within a year. If it will left untreated it will produce neural lesions that can cause extensive damage to the nervous tissue, leading to paralysis, insanity and death. To treat the first stages of syphilis there are antibiotics such as penicillin.

Gonorrhea

      Gonorrhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It invades the epithelial lining of the vagina and the male urethra results in a discharge called pus. It affects different parts of your body such as the rectum, eyes, joints and throat would take a week to notice the symptoms. Men will experience a burning sensation during urination, swelling on a testicle, and a pus discharge in the urethral opening. Women will experience a painful urination, more vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding in between periods, and abdominal and pelvic pain. If left untreated it will ;lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.The treat to this is antibiotics.

Genital Herpes

     Genital Herpes is caused by an infection with herpes simplex virus-2 or HSV-2. Painful, itching lesions and blister like eruptions will occur in the genital area. Sores about two weaks and heals but may recur. Genital Herpes is incurable.

AIDS

   Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS is caused by a virus called human immunodeficiency virus of HIV which attacks the system of the body. It was first reported in 1981. It has no cure. It is transmitted through contact body fluids containing the virus like sexual intercourse, contaminated needles, receiving contaminated blood via transfusion, or birth by an infected mother. AIDS takes 5-10 years for it to be a fully developed disease.

Albornoz

PUT YOURSELF TO THE TEST!

Review Hacks

      Exams are over and its 2nd quarter! I wonder what other cool stuff we're going to learn.. And by the way, hows your exams? Tough? Pressuring? Are you nervous with your scores? Sometimes when you review, nothing goes in your mind. That happens a lot especially when you aren't focused. But there are some tips on where you can be less frustrated when it comes to reviewing for your exams.

     First, is review when you're sleepy. Yeah, this sounds crazy but it works (trust me I've been doing this for a long time). Second thing is you write it all down. Making a reviewer may seem exhausting to do but its actually fun. You'll remember what you wrote down and you have it all for you. Third is understand the topics that you're reviewing. Its better than memorizing. If you understand it you can remember it for a long time. But if you memorize it maybe after a few months you wouldn't know it anymore. And lastly, take breaks when you review. If you're gonna read your notes and take a break and read again, you're gonna be like "oh, yeah, i know this." which means you remember it.

     And those are the tips so you can be less stressful when it comes to reviewing for exams. Maybe you can step up your game by answering a test that your books give you. I hope that this helped you and if it did, well that's good!

Vigilance Victors

THERES SOMETHING ABOUT PHYSICS

THE VICTORS OF VIGILANCE OH YEAH!!

      Science is by far my most favorite subject. I've always dreamed of being a scientist one day. Its been my interest since I was very young. Since my mind was full of curiosity, I wanted to know them. As I knew them, I've been wanting to know more. There's still more thing I want to know about physics. But right now, I realized that everything involves physics. We use physics everyday, its crazy! If it wasn't for physics, we wouldn't know when to stop a car, to make music, to get the right shot on playing basketball. We wouldn't even know when will a typhoon come or what intensity the earthquake will be. Physics has been contributing to everything, especially our lives. It has been affecting us for millions and millions of years!

Albornoz

    When I was in grade school, I was always curious about physics. I wanted to learn how energy was transferred from one body to another. Sometimes I wonder how a ball bounces up and down but bounces slightly lower after the next bounce. But now I see physics as solve here and solve there. Tons of constants and formulas. But that wont stop me from learning about physics. Until now I'm amazed by physics like how light reflects off mirrors and how certain mirrors reflect images differently.

Sanchez

     When I was a kid, I was wondering why don't airplanes and birds fall from air immediately like other things do. As soon as time bounds us, I realized physics was everything and it makes me realize that physics is the one who keeps us alive and the one who answered my questions when I was a kid. Before I wanted to learn how electricity works and how it gives light or hot to save a life using electricity like i used to watch them in film movies. Now I see physics surrounds us. Physics is everywhere that's why I'm amazed by it because It gives meaning to everything. Like how things work in our daily living.

Perina

          Physics is beautiful and interesting because it is vitals in our daily lives. That sense of beauty seems to emphasize the point that science, in physics particular, is a very human endeavor. When someone writes down a formula or a theory, any physicist worth is salt can judge: is this beautiful or is this ugly? Equations that describe the universe can have certain kind of elegance or may not. In this sense, the ideas that we discuss have an intrinsic beauty. Beautiful things are those in which we find pleasure and seek out. That's why physics is theoretical but the fun is real.

Alejaga

         

     Physicists are on a quest to figure out how nature works at the most fundamental level. This is a romantic story, penned in what may seem the least emotive of languages: mathematics. Whats surprising it that the immeasurable beauty of the world is far from once lost once its inner workings are expressed in this abstract language. Moreover, there remains something deeply intriguing about the fact that the universe is governed by the rules of mathematics in the first place. Many successful ideas in science can be described as beautiful and very often this is a reference to the simplicity and conciseness of nature's law. Einstein's special and general theories of relativity, which describe how space, time, and gravity behave, are based on only three brief postulates. 

     The laws of electromagnetism, which govern every aspect of how we experience the world through sight, sound, smell taste, or touch, are also concise that they can be written on the front of the T-shirt. However, fundamental laws are not enough on their own. Aristotle said that "all human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsion, habit, reason, passion, and desire." Its the first of these -- chance -- that is not decided by the laws of physics, in fact, chance is not decided at all. The fundamental laws of physics cannot predict what will happen; they can only tell us what might happen. This uncertainly is built into the laws of quantum mechanics as brian cox said, "Particle physicists are nothing if not ambitious. And the aim of particle physics is to understand what everything's made of, and how everything sticks together. And by everything I mean, of course, me and you, the Earth, the Sun, the 100 billion suns in our galaxy, and the 100 billion galaxies in the observable universe. Absolutely everything." Physics is something so beautiful and all of us should learn and know about this.

Romero